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OECD 130國家達(dá)成全球15%為全球最低企業(yè)所得稅門檻共識(shí)

援引OECD 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織*1報(bào)告稱,其139個(gè)成員國中的130個(gè)國家均已簽署同意將其國家企業(yè)所得稅不得低于15%的限制。而這已簽署的130個(gè)國家GDP 總額超過全球GDP 的百分之90。這項(xiàng)協(xié)定預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)在2021年的10月正式施行。

關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):

·         共有130個(gè)國家同意并簽署了OECD所初步草擬的框架結(jié)構(gòu),其中包括OECD 成員國及G20*2的所有成員國

·         “這項(xiàng)協(xié)議主要是更新了過去一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來所冗雜老舊的國際稅收系統(tǒng),以使其更加符合21世紀(jì)的全球化及數(shù)字化的經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)。”

·         OECD 表示此項(xiàng)計(jì)劃預(yù)計(jì)于本年十月完成終稿,其預(yù)期能夠帶來超過1500億美金的額外稅收

據(jù)Irish Times 報(bào)道*3,愛爾蘭與同屬歐盟低稅收國家的愛沙尼亞、匈牙利與數(shù)個(gè)避稅天堂國家,巴巴多斯、圣文森特和格林納丁斯及另兩個(gè)非洲國家,肯尼亞、尼日尼亞*4都未簽署此份協(xié)議。

愛爾蘭財(cái)政部長Paschal Donohoe*5 聲稱,其是“全力”支持并愿意為全球稅務(wù)重組計(jì)劃做出支持,并愿意與所有經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的成員國來共同協(xié)商來找出愛爾蘭所能為其他國家做出的支持方案。


 

Paschal Donohoe TD -     Fine Gael's Ard Fheis/  

Image cited from https://www.flickr.com/photos/infomatique/7030480383.

 



Mr Donohoe 于本周四晚在愛爾蘭政府機(jī)構(gòu)所發(fā)表的聲明表示,愛爾蘭愿意支持“大部分“的130個(gè)國家所簽署的與會(huì)協(xié)議內(nèi)容,但對(duì)15%的全球最低企業(yè)所得稅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)持保留態(tài)度。

愛爾蘭目前的企業(yè)所得稅為12.5%,這也正是愛爾蘭在過去數(shù)十載能維持其國家高競爭力的原因之一。據(jù)愛爾蘭財(cái)務(wù)部預(yù)估如簽署此項(xiàng)協(xié)議,約會(huì)消耗掉愛爾蘭每年約20億歐元的年度稅收。

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織則指出,“這項(xiàng)協(xié)議主要是更新了過去一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來所冗雜老舊的國際稅收系統(tǒng),以使其更加符合21世紀(jì)的全球化及數(shù)字化的經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)?!蓖瑫r(shí),這份將在十月份出被最終敲定的協(xié)議預(yù)期將會(huì)帶來每年1500億美金的額外稅收。


拜登政府力推這項(xiàng)以提高全球最低企業(yè)征稅比率的原因則是為了阻止美國財(cái)政部部長Yellen*6所提出的“Race to the bottom”*7 理論。這項(xiàng)理論指出,一眾國家為吸引更多外資投資,而不斷的競爭調(diào)低其企業(yè)所得稅率,以為外資投資創(chuàng)造更好的經(jīng)商環(huán)境。而造成了其余國家財(cái)政稅收的不斷減少。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作于發(fā)展組織于G7* 共同努力所推出的此項(xiàng)協(xié)議正式為了防止國際性的大公司通過國際布局及轉(zhuǎn)移來”合理“的規(guī)避自身的稅務(wù)。


 

Photo ID: 032521_Economic Recovery Panel- Janet Yellen, David     Malpass, Kristalina Georgieva_MC ATRIUM/  Image cited from https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/51099375662.

 


美國財(cái)政部部長Yellen 在聲明中說道,“今天注定是經(jīng)濟(jì)外交上歷史性的一天。我們終于有了機(jī)會(huì)去建立一個(gè)國際與本地相結(jié)合的稅務(wù)系統(tǒng),可以讓我們的美國工人和商業(yè)團(tuán)體得以在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中競爭致勝?!?/span>

經(jīng)濟(jì)與合作發(fā)展組織(OECD)所初步擬定的“two-pillar package” 主要是針對(duì)以下兩點(diǎn),第一點(diǎn)是用以推進(jìn)各國間更加公平的利潤分配及稅收的權(quán)力,特別是擁有眾多MNEs*8 公司的國家。其會(huì)重新分配一部分MNEs 公司的交稅義務(wù),如在其直接利潤所在地的國家繳納這一部分收入的企業(yè)所得稅,無論其是否在當(dāng)?shù)赜姓鎸?shí)的存在性。而并非單純的將所有收入規(guī)劃會(huì)其公司注冊所在地。

第二點(diǎn)則是為了去創(chuàng)造一個(gè)國家間進(jìn)行企業(yè)所得稅競爭的“基底“,用15%最低的稅率來保障大部分國家稅收的合理性。

與會(huì)的參與者們共同定下了一個(gè)極具野心時(shí)間表,包括在2021年的十月完成終稿的簽署,完成“two-pillar” 方案的所有技術(shù)層面的搭建,以及敲定此項(xiàng)協(xié)議在2023年生效的計(jì)劃。


Notes: *1 OECD 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作于發(fā)展組織:is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

*2 G20 / 20國集團(tuán):is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 countries and the European Union (EU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development.

*3 Irish Times 愛爾蘭時(shí)報(bào):is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper and online digital publication. It launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Paul O'Neill. The deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon. It is published every day except Sundays.

*4 九國未簽署國家相關(guān)原文:who have not signed up include two other low tax EU countries – Estonia and Hungary, a number of countries which are tax havens – Barbados and Saint Vincent & the Grenadines,and two African countries , Kenya and Nigeria.

*5 Paschal Donohoe: is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister for Finance since June 2017 and President of the Eurogroup since July 2020. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Central constituency since 2011. He previously served as Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform from 2016 to 2020, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport from 2014 to 2016 and Minister of State for European Affairs from 2013 to 2014.

*6 Janet Yellen: is an American economist, public servant and educator serving as the 78th United States secretary of the treasury since January 26, 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served as the 15th chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2018. She is the first woman to hold either role. She is also a professor emerita at Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, and formerly a distinguished fellow in residence at the Brookings Institution.

*7 “Race to the bottom”: The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase to describe government deregulation of the business environment, or reduction in tax rates, in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions. While this phenomenon can happen between countries as a result of globalization and free trade, it also can occur within individual countries between their sub-jurisdictions (states, localities, cities). It may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production. The effect and intent of these actions is to lower labor rates, cost of business, or other factors (pensions, environmental protection and other externalities) over which governments can exert control.

*8 MNEsMultinational Enterprises 跨國企業(yè).


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